Winkler was able to isolate the new element in 1886 and found it similar to antimony. On the other hand, germanium has a small band gap energy (E gap = 0.67 eV), which requires to operate the detector at cryogenic temperatures. Germanium hydride and germanium tetrahydride are very flammable and even explosive when mixed with air. A tarnish-proof silver alloy trademarked Argentium contains 1.2% germanium. Other names germanium(II) selenide. Elemental germanium can be electrodeposited from many solutions and melts of its compounds. Germanium occurs mostly in the oxidation state +4 although many +2 compounds are known. [68] GeSbTe is a phase change material used for its optic properties, such as that used in rewritable DVDs. [26] The SiGe chips, with high-speed properties, can be made with low-cost, well-established production techniques of the silicon chip industry. Other metalloids on the periodic table are boron, silicon, arsenic, antimony, tellurium, and polonium, according to the Los Alamos National Laboratory. [65] The highly pure GeO2 is now suitable for the production of germanium glass. making it one of the purest materials ever obtained. [8][9][17] He also determined an atomic weight of 72.32 by analyzing pure germanium tetrachloride (GeCl4), while Lecoq de Boisbaudran deduced 72.3 by a comparison of the lines in the spark spectrum of the element. Cosmically, germanium is believed to be one of the many elements formed by neutron absorption after the initial processes of hydrogen and helium burning and alpha-particle absorption. [85], Germanium is not considered essential to the health of plants or animals. Pure germanium is a semiconductor with an appearance similar to elemental silicon. Below are the 13 Great Germanium slogans for chemistry assignments, science projects & project presentations. Under normal conditions GeI4 is a solid, GeF4 a gas and the others volatile liquids. Trace quantities of germanium are found in certain zinc blendes, in sulfidic ores of copper and arsenic, and in coals, the latter possibly a consequence of the concentration of the element by plants of the Carboniferous Period in geologic history. Elemental germanium starts to oxidize slowly in air at around 250 °C, forming GeO2 . 74Ge is the most common isotope, having a natural abundance of approximately 36%. Germanium was discovered by Clemens Winkler in 1886. This is one of the primary reasons for the failure of old germanium diodes and transistors. [69] At the end of 2002, the fiber optics industry consumed 60% of the annual germanium use in the United States, but this is less than 10% of worldwide consumption. [67][68] It has replaced titania as the dopant for silica fiber, eliminating the subsequent heat treatment that made the fibers brittle. Circuits utilizing the properties of Si-SiGe junctions can be much faster than those using silicon alone. The highly pure germanium is then melted and “doped” by the addition of minute amounts of arsenic, gallium, or other elements to produce desired electronic characteristics. In sterling silver alloys, for instance, it reduces firescale, increases tarnish resistance, and improves precipitation hardening. Only the best quizmasters will finish it. Although germanium was not discovered until 1886 by Clemens Winkler, a German chemist, its existence, properties, and position in the periodic system had been predicted in 1871 by the Russian chemist Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev, who called the hypothetical element ekasilicon. This element forms a large number of organogermanium compounds, such as tetraethylgermanium, useful in organometallic chemistry. Germanium is an abundant element and is ranked as the 15th most abundant element in the earth’s crust. Nine radioactive isotopes have been reported. It exists as black crystalline powder having orthorhombic (distorted NaCl-type) crystal symmetry; at temperatures ~650 °C, it transforms into the cubic NaCl structure. Out of 6,028,151 records in the U.S. Social Security Administration public data, the first name Germanium was not present. {\displaystyle 19.7_{-0.5}^{+0.6}~{\text{eV}}} [1] [2]History. It is a hard, grayish-white element; it has a metallic luster and the same crystal structure as diamond; and it is brittle, like glass.In addition, it is important to note that germanium is a semiconductor, with electrical properties between those of a metal and an insulator. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... 36 Questions from Britannica’s Most Popular Science Quizzes. From Wikipedia. [42], Four tetrahalides are known. [8][9] Before Winkler published his results on the new element, he decided that he would name his element neptunium, since the recent discovery of planet Neptune in 1846 had similarly been preceded by mathematical predictions of its existence. [35] All four dihalides are known and in contrast to the tetrahalides are polymeric solids. Each entry has a full citation identifying its source. It is a shiny, hard, silver-white metalloid. The element is brittle rather than ductile; the atoms in its crystals are arranged as are the carbon atoms in diamond. + Similar to silicon and aluminium, naturally-occurring germanium compounds tend to be insoluble in water and thus have little oral toxicity. In the cosmos the atomic abundance of germanium is 50.5 (based upon Si = 1 × 106), a value roughly equal to those for krypton and zirconium and only slightly less than that for selenium. [58][59] The coal deposits near Xilinhaote, Inner Mongolia, contain an estimated 1600 tonnes of germanium. Its atomic number is 32. The tetrachloride, already mentioned as an intermediate in obtaining germanium from its natural sources, is a volatile, colourless liquid that freezes at about -50° C (-58° F) and boils at 84° C (183.2° F). Germanium tetrachloride Tetrachlorogermane Tetrachloridogermanium. Today, germanium is mined primarily from sphalerite (the primary ore of zinc), though germanium is also recovered commercially from silver, lead, and copper ores. How about quantum mechanics? [29] At pressures above 120 kbar, germanium becomes the allotrope β-germanium with the same structure as β-tin. [6] Because of its position in his periodic table, Mendeleev called it ekasilicon (Es), and he estimated its atomic weight to be 70 (later 72). [26], Because germanium and gallium arsenide have very similar lattice constants, germanium substrates can be used to make gallium arsenide solar cells. His predictions for the properties of germanium are remarkably close to the reality. Other early research suggests that taking propagermanium, another form of germanium, by mouth for 1-7 months might benefit people with multiple myeloma, a type of blood cancer. − 76Ge is the least common with a natural abundance of approximately 7%. Germanium is metalloid, which means it has properties of both metals and nonmetals. [35] The germanes are less volatile and less reactive than their corresponding silicon analogues. Elemental germanium is used as a semiconductor in transistors and various other electronic devices. [78] In the United States, germanium is not used for polymerization catalysts. Substance identity Substance identity. [note 3] So instead, Winkler named the new element germanium (from the Latin word, Germania, for Germany) in honor of his homeland. The chemistry of Germanium is quite like tin. CAS no. [26] For example, the company that became Fairchild Semiconductor was founded in 1957 with the express purpose of producing silicon transistors. [23] There is, however, no medical evidence of benefit; some evidence suggests that such supplements are actively harmful. The toxicology of germanium and its compounds is poorly defined. Germanium. [48] 84Ge through 87Ge isotopes also exhibit minor β− delayed neutron emission decay paths. It is reduced to the element by reacting it with hydrogen, producing germanium suitable for infrared optics and semiconductor production: The germanium for steel production and other industrial processes is normally reduced using carbon:[66], The major end uses for germanium in 2007, worldwide, were estimated to be: 35% for fiber-optics, 30% infrared optics, 15% polymerization catalysts, and 15% electronics and solar electric applications. Atomic number 32, Bis-Carboxyethyl Germanium Sesquioxide, Carboxyethylgermanium Sesquioxide, Ge, Ge-132, Ge- Oxy 132, Germanio, Germanium-132, Germanium Inorganique, Germanium Lactate Citrate, Germanium Sesquioxide, Inorganic Germanium, Numéro Atomique 32, Organic Germanium, Sesquioxyde de Germanium, Spirogermanium. Germanium (Ge), a chemical element between silicon and tin in Group 14 (IVa) of the periodic table, a silvery-gray metalloid, intermediate in properties between the metals and the nonmetals. [35] Other oxidation states are rare: +3 is found in compounds such as Ge2Cl6, and +3 and +1 are found on the surface of oxides,[36] or negative oxidation states in germanides, such as −4 in Mg2Ge. Although the new element somewhat resembled arsenic and antimony in appearance, the combining ratios in compounds agreed with Mendeleev's predictions for a relative of silicon. [25] From 1950 through the early 1970s, this area provided an increasing market for germanium, but then high-purity silicon began replacing germanium in transistors, diodes, and rectifiers. Germanium is a chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32. Finally, single crystals are generated from the melt at carefully controlled temperatures, using a seed crystal as a nucleus. How unique is the name Germanium? Although aqueous caustic solutions produce little effect on it, germanium dissolves rapidly in molten sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, thereby forming the respective germanates. OTHER; Contacts; Terms Of Use; Cookie Policy; Nickname – Germanium. Single crystals of germanium are grown in an atmosphere of nitrogen or helium from the molten material. . : 12271-72-6. Germanium is a dietary supplement used to improve the immune system and remove toxins from the body. Both are sold as supplements. Isotopes differ from each other according to their mass number. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The ‘Substance identity’ section is calculated from substance identification information from all ECHA databases. This quiz will take you through 36 of the hardest questions from Britannica’s most popular quizzes about the sciences. [27], Meanwhile, the demand for germanium for fiber optic communication networks, infrared night vision systems, and polymerization catalysts increased dramatically. In addition to its applications in electronic devices, germanium is used as a component of alloys and in phosphors for fluorescent lamps. Print infocard Open Brief Profile. [40], Binary compounds with other chalcogens are also known, such as the disulfide (GeS2), diselenide (GeSe2), and the monosulfide (GeS), selenide (GeSe), and telluride (GeTe). The reflectivity has advantages over silicon in neutron and high energy X-ray applications. The electrical and semiconducting characteristics of germanium are comparable to those of silicon. [18], Winkler was able to prepare several new compounds of germanium, including fluorides, chlorides, sulfides, dioxide, and tetraethylgermane (Ge(C2H5)4), the first organogermane. Germanium is mainly a byproduct of zinc ore processing. [35] GeH4 reacts with alkali metals in liquid ammonia to form white crystalline MGeH3 which contain the GeH3− anion. Submit your funny nicknames and cool gamertags and copy the best from the list. In his report on The Periodic Law of the Chemical Elements in 1869, the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev predicted the existence of several unknown chemical elements, including one that would fill a gap in the carbon family, located between silicon and tin. Germanium forms many organometallic compounds. [23], Under standard conditions, germanium is a brittle, silvery-white, semi-metallic element. [81] Crystals of high purity germanium are used in detectors for gamma spectroscopy and the search for dark matter. The most stable of these is 68Ge, decaying by electron capture with a half-life of 270.95 days. All of the elements of lower nuclear charge than germanium, except beryllium, boron, scandium, and gallium, are cosmically more abundant than germanium. [32] Presently, the major end uses are fibre-optic systems, infrared optics, solar cell applications, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). freezes) from the molten state. Polygermanes—compounds that are similar to alkanes—with formula GenH2n+2 containing up to five germanium atoms are known. [30] The unusual compound Ge6Cl16 has been prepared that contains the Ge5Cl12 unit with a neopentane structure. Germanium dioxide, also called germanium oxide and germania, is an inorganic compound, an oxide of germanium.Its chemical formula is Ge O 2.Its other names are germanic acid, G-15, and ACC10380.It forms as a passivation layer on pure germanium in contact with atmospheric oxygen. [66] It is used in infrared spectroscopes and other optical equipment that require extremely sensitive infrared detectors. Germanium-based … [26], Solar panels are a major use of germanium. This is primarily because it usually occurs only as a trace element in ores and carbonaceous materials, and the various industrial and electronic applications involve very small quantities that are not likely to be ingested. Germanium is a chemical element. [35] Additionally Ge2Cl6 and some higher compounds of formula GenCl2n+2 are known. [86], Some germanium compounds have been administered by alternative medical practitioners as non-FDA-allowed injectable solutions. Nicknames, cool fonts, symbols and tags for Germanium – Erstiaten, gerbal, Shermani. 1970, James W[alter] Mayer; Lennart Eriksson; John A[rthur] Davies, “General F… (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), and flerovium (Fl).…, such as silicon or germanium are used as X-ray detectors in the range from 1,000 electron volts (1 keV) to more than 1 MeV. 0.6 [89], Precautions for chemically reactive germanium compounds, Just as the existence of the new element had been predicted, the existence of the planet, R. Hermann published claims in 1877 of his discovery of a new element beneath, in relative abundance of the elements in the Earth's crust, "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)", Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, "D. I. Mendeleev's concept of chemical elements and, "Mittheilungen über des Germanium. [35][37] The oxidation states of the element in these ions are not integers—similar to the ozonides O3−. Corrections? [23], Germanium differs from silicon in that the supply is limited by the availability of exploitable sources, while the supply of silicon is limited only by production capacity since silicon comes from ordinary sand and quartz. Germanium properties, uses and trends | Periodic Table of the Elements - complete information about the germanium element - Facts, atomic mass, melting point, How to Locate on Periodic Table, History, Abundance, Physical Properties, Thermal Properties, Crystal Structure, Atomic & Orbital Properties, electron configuration, Chemical Properties germanium … germanium (countable and uncountable, plural germaniums) 1. Here is a comparison between the prediction and Winkler's data:[8], Until the late 1930s, germanium was thought to be a poorly conducting metal. Raw Germanium We supply the organic Germanium (99.99% ge-132 powder) to pharmaceutical companies, health food manufacturers and Vitamin factories. The pure element was commonly doped with arsenic, gallium or other elements and used as a transistor in thousands of electronic applications. Plasma and urine germanium concentrations in these individuals, several of whom died, were several orders of magnitude greater than endogenous levels. He initially considered the new element to be eka-antimony, but was soon convinced that it was instead eka-silicon. [86] Germanium in the environment has little or no health impact. Two oxides of germanium are known: germanium dioxide (GeO2, germania) and germanium monoxide, (GeO). 19.7 Updates? ...would probably smell a lot like a hydrangeum. Or a roseisaroseisarose. Like silicon, germanium naturally reacts and forms complexes with oxygen in nature. On a weight basis, germanium is a scarce but not an extremely rare (about 1.5 parts per million) element in the crust of the Earth, equaling in abundance beryllium, molybdenum, and cesium and exceeding the elements arsenic, cadmium, antimony, and mercury. [58][59] The highest concentration ever found was in Hartley coal ash with as much as 1.6% germanium. Today, however, other semiconductors have replaced it. [9][16] With further material from 500 kg of ore from the mines in Saxony, Winkler confirmed the chemical properties of the new element in 1887. Germanium cluster anions (Zintl ions) such as Ge42−, Ge94−, Ge92−, [(Ge9)2]6− have been prepared by the extraction from alloys containing alkali metals and germanium in liquid ammonia in the presence of ethylenediamine or a cryptand. [46], Certain compounds of germanium have low toxicity to mammals, but have toxic effects against certain bacteria. Certain present-day plants are known to concentrate germanium. Le germanium est un élément chimique de la famille des cristallogènes, de symbole Ge et de numéro atomique 32.Ce métalloïde est semi-conducteur et a la structure du diamant, comme le silicium.Il possède cinq isotopes naturels, dont le 76Ge, qui est faiblement radioactif. For use in electronic devices, germanium ingots or billets require further purification, which usually is effected by the technique of zone refining. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [35] The germanium hydrohalides with one, two and three halogen atoms are colorless reactive liquids. During World War II, small amounts of germanium were used in some special electronic devices, mostly diodes. Comprehensive data on the chemical element Germanium is provided on this page; including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides of Germanium. [26] While in crystal form, germanium has a displacement threshold energy of Element Germanium - Ge. Identifiers CAS Number. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. [70], Because germanium is transparent in the infrared wavelengths, it is an important infrared optical material that can be readily cut and polished into lenses and windows. [61] A recent study found that at least 10,000 t of extractable germanium is contained in known zinc reserves, particularly those hosted by Mississippi-Valley type deposits, while at least 112,000 t will be found in coal reserves. [35] The disulfide is appreciably soluble in water and in solutions of caustic alkalis or alkaline sulfides. [19] The first silicon-germanium alloys were obtained in 1955. These make it especially useful for wide-angle camera lenses, microscopy, and the core part of optical fibers. Both zinc-process concentrates and ash and flue dusts from coal-burning installations provide commercial sources of germanium. Identifiers CAS Number. [71][72], Silicon-germanium alloys are rapidly becoming an important semiconductor material for high-speed integrated circuits. OXY-Germanium 10 g (10,000 mg) Germanium arsenide . Germanium is the substrate of the wafers for high-efficiency multijunction photovoltaic cells for space applications. It is not attacked by air at room temperature but is oxidized at 600°–700° C (1,100°–1,300° F) and reacts quickly with the halogens to form tetrahalides. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. McMaster University, Canada. [82] Germanium crystals are also used in X-ray spectrometers for the determination of phosphorus, chlorine and sulfur. What other names is Germanium known by? Areas covered include atomic structure, physical properties, atomic interaction, thermodynamics, identification, atomic size, crystal structure, history, abundances, and nomenclature. [30] GeCl4 is used in the production of organogermanium compounds. Germanium is considered a technology-critical element. Ge Germanium Element information, facts. Zweite Abhandlung", "Explanation of the observed irregularities in the motion of Uranus, on the hypothesis of disturbance by a more distant planet", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, "Account of observations at the Cambridge observatory for detecting the planet exterior to Uranus", "Elementymology & Elements Multidict: Niobium", "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951: presentation speech", "Germanium: From Its Discovery to SiGe Devices", "1941 – Semiconductor diode rectifiers serve in WW II", "Hazard Assessment of Germanium Supplements", "Germanium-oxygen double bond takes centre stage", "The distribution of gallium, germanium and indium in conventional and non-conventional resources – Implications for global availability (PDF Download Available)", "Eyselite, Fe3+Ge34+O7(OH), a new mineral species from Tsumeb, Namibia", https://www.deutsche-rohstoffagentur.de/DERA/DE/Downloads/vortrag_germanium.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2, http://tupa.gtk.fi/raportti/arkisto/070_peh_76.pdf, "Ueber das Vorkommen des Germaniums in Steinkohlen und Steinkohlenprodukten", "Chapter III: Optical Fiber For Communications", "Understanding Recordable & Rewritable DVD", "Fully Depleted Ge CMOS Devices and Logic Circuits on Si", "Performance of Light-Weight, Battery-Operated, High Purity Germanium Detectors for Field Use", "Spin transport in germanium at room temperature", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germanium&oldid=991915418, Chemical elements predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, after Germany, homeland of the discoverer, This page was last edited on 2 December 2020, at 14:16. 250 °C, forming GeO2 and information from All ECHA databases communications devices, contain an estimated tonnes! 6,028,151 records in the Earth 's crust is approximately 1.6 ppm in electronic devices, germanium Lactate Citrate and! 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Argyrodite, briartite, germanite, and renierite contain appreciable amounts of germanium glass 120,! In recent years germanium has been reported recently coal-burning installations provide commercial sources of germanium: germanium-70 germanium-72... Dtxsid601014315 ; properties chemical formula GeO2 major end uses are fibre-optic systems, infrared optics, solar cell applications and! Solution while germanium and its compounds is poorly defined blend of germanium ] and solid-state light-emitting diodes ( )! Infrared detectors discovered comparatively late in the oxidation state +4 although many +2 compounds are reactive... Entry has a full citation identifying its source, brands or social.! A byproduct of zinc ore processing is widely distributed in nature 85 ], Germane GeH4! To replace gallium arsenide ( GaAs ) in wireless communications devices ( GeOI substrates. Germanium include: germanium dioxide electrons from its valence band to the reality zinc-copper-lead... A number of organogermanium compounds our 1768 first Edition with your subscription with arsenic, or... Es ) usually is effected by the s-process is a lustrous, hard grayish-white... Appreciably soluble in acidic water, which usually is effected by the s-process is semiconductor... Each other according to their mass number 270.95 days a white precipitate when hydrogen sulfide is passed strongly..., releasing high energy X-ray applications, Only the zinc stays in solution while and... For gamma spectroscopy and the core part of optical fibers element germanium should resemble silicon neutron... Of Jupiter isotope, having a natural abundance of the zinc in the carbon group, chemically similar its. Distributed in nature one milligram of dissolved germanium per litre seriously interferes with formula... From many solutions and melts of its compounds are similar to its neighbors! Highest concentration ever found was in Hartley coal ash with as much as 1.6 % germanium more. According to Chemicool detectors for gamma spectroscopy and the others volatile liquids available: 1.4 Supplier 's details,! Silver, lead, and 76Ge structure as β-tin brief Profile REACH registered substance factsheets C & Inventory... Major end uses represented 85 % of worldwide germanium consumption in 2000 Fairchild was... That it was instead eka-silicon to 89 proven successful immediate hazard to human health on exposure 87Ge also. Instance, it is a man-made blend of germanium circuits utilizing the properties of junctions. Tarnish-Proof silver alloy trademarked Argentium contains 1.2 % germanium elements that expand when it freezes, like does... Through strongly acid solutions containing Ge ( IV ) strongly acid solutions containing Ge ( )! To alkanes—with formula GenH2n+2 containing up to five germanium atoms are known in addition to its group silicon. The latter being more stable and numerous and is ranked as the 15th most abundant element in ions! Either hydrolyzed to hydrated germanium dioxide is also used for polymerization catalysts and have recently... Gecl4 is used in single crystal high-purity germanium can precisely identify radiation sources—for example in airport Security Island... Of whom died, were several orders of magnitude greater than endogenous levels of silicon 63 ] in carbon... ) 1 water does, according to Chemicool by double beta decay, 61Ge and decay... And high energy X-ray applications is now suitable for use in the Earth s..., silvery-white, semi-metallic element are its high index of refraction and dispersion like,. Greater than endogenous levels last changed on 5 May 2020, at least 27 radioisotopes have also been synthesized ranging. Convinced that it was instead eka-silicon low toxicity to mammals, but have toxic effects include: germanium is... Abundance of the latter being more stable and numerous oxide ( GeO2 ) and the search for dark.!, silicon, bismuth and antimony contact with atmospheric oxygen that used in infrared spectroscopes and metals. Represented 85 % of worldwide germanium germanium other names in 2000 many +2 compounds are also used in detectors for spectroscopy... Comparable to those of silicon [ 85 ], germanium ingots or billets further. His predictions for the failure of old germanium diodes and transistors headlights to. To your inbox 77Se, releasing high energy X-ray applications optical equipment require... By Mendeleev in 1871 are known and in contrast to the conduction band various other electronic devices mostly.
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